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由WFFang著作·2003—經支氣管鏡直接對食道注射甲基藍以診斷支氣管食道瘺管：一病例報告.方文豐(Wen-FengFang)；吳沼漧(Chao-ChienWu)；賴永發(Young-FaLai).胸腔醫學； ...

Malignant tracheoesophageal fistulas can be caused by carcinoma of the esophagus, the tracheobronchial tree, or the lung, though more than 80% of these lesions are the result of esophageal carcinoma. Patients with malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas generally have a poor prognosis. A definitive diagnosis of the fistula is usually made roentgenographically by esophagography. This test, however, should either be done under continuous fluoroscopic observation, or recorded on videotape, to demonstrate clearly that the radiopaque material has passed into the tracheobronchial tree. Regrettably, endoscopy or esophagography will not reveal a fistula in every case. The instillation of methylene blue into the esophagus during bronchoscopy is a useful diagnostic method. We report here the case of a 61-year-old man with esophageal carcinoma and aspiration pneumonia. A bronchoesophageal fistula was diagnosed by direct instillation ...